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The Best Colleges For Cryptocurrency and Blockchain Education

Blockchain Education
The Best Colleges For Cryptocurrency and Blockchain Education
Rank School Location
1 University of Southern California Los Angeles, California
2 University of Wyoming Laramie, Wyoming
3 Fordham University Bronx, New York
4 University of the Cumberlands Williamsburg, Kentucky
5 South College Knoxville, Tennessee
6 University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
7 Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, Massachusetts
8 Cornell University Ithaca, New York
9 Columbia University in the City of New York New York, New York
10 University of California-Los Angeles Los Angeles, California
11 University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign Champaign, Illinois
12 Duke University Durham, North Carolina
13 Stanford University Stanford, California
14 University of California-Berkeley Berkeley, California
15 Princeton University Princeton, New Jersey
16 New York University New York, New York
17 University at Buffalo Buffalo, New York
18 Arizona State University-Tempe Tempe, Arizona

We have ranked the best colleges and universities to get a cryptocurrency and blockchain education in the U.S.

We have created this ranking using factors designed for students to make informed college and degree decisions. This ranking was developed by looking at the following criteria: the degrees or certificates offered, and associated labs, clubs, and research initiatives, and academic influence.

Degrees are ranked higher than certificates, and certificates are ranked higher than individual courses. This ranking has a criteria specific to this article. Learn more about our general ranking system here: College Denominator.

Students can learn blockchain on-campus and online (in certain programs).

These blockchain programs include certificates, degrees, research initiatives, and student-led clubs, all centered around blockchain technologies and their implications and effects.

Blockchain technology is used in domains such as business (i.e. accounting, supply chains, and insurance), in culture (gaming, art, NFTs), money (finance, loans, cryptocurrency, DeFi - decentralized finance), and in the alternative universe known as the Metaverse.

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The Best Colleges For Cryptocurrency and Blockchain Education

1.

University of Southern California

USC Viterbi School of Engineering

Los Angeles, California

University of Southern California

USC's Viterbi School of Engineering offers the Minor or Specialization in Blockchain. Undergraduate students may major in any subject offered at USC, and Minor or Specialize in Blockchain. The Minor requires 16 credits, and the Specialization requires eight (see below for more details).

Students will learn relevant skills such as smart contracts, Solidity (the Ethereum programming language), cryptocurrency, and feasibility analysis using the Ethereum blockchain network.

Minor, four required courses: each course is 4 credits (16 required)

  • Blockchain
  • Blockchain: Decentralized Applications
  • Blockchain: Advances and Use Cases
  • Blockchain: Capstone

Specialization, two required courses: each course is 4 credits (8 required)

  • Blockchain (core requirement)

Students choose one out of these two courses:

  • Blockchain: Decentralized Applications
  • Blockchain: Advances and Use Cases

Students can learn to develop decentralized applications and smart contracts on the blockchain.

2.

University of Wyoming

(UW)

College of Business, Department of Accounting and Finance

Laramie, Wyoming

University of Wyoming

University of Wyoming offers a Blockchain minor, consisting of 15 credits. Six credits are for the core courses, and nine are for elective courses.

This minor teaches students the implications of using blockchain in business opportunities and digital assets on a global scale.

Core courses are:

  • Fundamentals of Blockchain
  • Business Applications of Blockchain

Electives include:

  • Case Studies in Block Chain 
  • Entrepreneurship for Engineers
  • Introduction to Programming for Data Science
  • Principle-Based Ethics

3.

Fordham University

Gabelli Graduate School of Business

Bronx, New York

Fordham University

Fordham University offers a Master of Business Administration: Secondary Concentration in Blockchain degree. MBA students can customize their program, by choosing a primary concentration and a secondary concentration.

Students taking the Secondary Concentration in Blockchain learn blockchain fundamentals, funding with cryptocurrencies, and regulation and legal concerns of blockchain technologies.

Students are required to take 9 credits from these class options:

  • Blockchain, Virtual Currencies, and Tokens: An Examination of Business and Legal Issues (3 credits)
  • Blockchain: Industry Disruptor and Creator (3 credits)
  • Blockchain Tech & App Dev (3 credits)
  • Digital Currencies (1.5 credits)
  • Blockchain (1.5 credits)

Here are the MBA program's Primary concentration options:

  • Accounting Concentration
  • Accounting Technology Analytics Concentration
  • Communication and Media Management Concentration
  • Finance Concentration
  • FinTech Concentration
  • Information Systems Concentration
  • Management Concentration
  • Marketing Concentration
  • Public Accountancy Concentration

Students can customize their MBA to pair the Secondary Blockchain concentration with a Primary concentration above. Each Primary concentration is five classes, and the Blockchain concentration is three or four classes (depending on which classes are chosen).

Also, students can participate in the Fordham Fintech Network and the Enterprise Ethereum Alliance.

4.

University of the Cumberlands

Williamsburg, Kentucky

University of the Cumberlands

University of the Cumberlands offers the online Master in Global Business with Blockchain Technology degree. This is an online master's degree program with a focus on blockchain technologies, and how blockchain applies to global business.

Online master's students will learn the intersection of business and blockchain, which includes study in these areas:

  • Development of code to incorporate crypto assets, and data-mine blockchains
  • Create and/or use cryptocurrencies, Ethereum, hyper ledgers, and decentralized applications
  • Assess blockchain technology’s effects on business
  • Learn to create solutions to challenges in blockchain technology

This 31 hour program is an IT and Business degree program. Online students should be prepared to take the Certified Blockchain Professional (CBP) certification exam, administered by the Institute for Certification of Computing Professionals.

The purpose of this program is to teach students the necessary skills to take this certification, develop marketability, and become impactful in global business.

Required courses include:

  • Blockchain Development
  • Data Mining
  • Blockchain Implementation
  • Introduction to Blockchain and Cryptocurrencies
  • Fundamentals of Database Systems
  • Finance and Blockchain
  • Cryptography

Accreditation: the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools Commission on Colleges (SACSCOC)

5.

South College

Knoxville, Tennessee

South College

South College offers the online Bachelor of Science in Computer Science: Concentration in Blockchain and Cloud Computing degree. This program duration is 42 months for students who take online classes full time.

Online students will get a computer science training, with an emphasis in blockchain and cloud computing. This involves understanding how to secure, process, manage and store data.

Students learn Computer Science and blockchain in the domains:

  • Algorithms
  • Database applications
  • Programming
  • Computer architecture
  • Networking
  • Data structures
  • Operating systems

Students learn networking software and hardware systems that are distributed over large networks of servers, which are the backdrop for understanding Blockchain transactions and cloud computing.

Accreditation: Southern Association of Colleges and Schools Commission on Colleges

6.

University of Pennsylvania

Wharton Executive Education

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

University of Pennsylvania

Wharton Executive Education, which is within the Wharton School at the University of Pennsylvania, has partnered with Prysm Group (an online education provider and financial consulting firm) to offer the online Economics of Blockchain and Digital Assets certificate program.

The online programs are asynchronous. Students learn through a comprehensive curricula which teaches about all relevant domains of blockchain for business professionals, which includes decentralized organizations (DAOs), blockchain regulations, use cases of digital assets including NFTs and cryptocurrencies.

Students take an introductory course and six modules. The modules in order are:

  • Blockchain Protocols
  • Digital Assets
  • Smart Contracts and Blockchain Applications
  • Decentralized Finance (DeFi)
  • Valuation and Investing
  • From Theory to Practice, Choosing a Blockchain and Launching a Digital Asset

This program is especially oriented for the benefit of financial analysts and technical and business professionals.

7.

Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Cambridge, Massachusetts

MIT

MIT offers a Professional Education Certificate of Completion for students who complete their MIT Professional Education Digital Plus Blockchain: Disruptive Technology program.

This course is taken online over 8 weeks, and students who complete this course will receive 6.4 continuing education units.

Students learn blockchain fundamentals and applications in these domains:

  • Cryptocurrency
  • Public vs Private Blockchains  
  • Ethereum (Proof of Work vs Proof of Stake)
  • PKI, Encryption, Digital Signatures and Hashing
  • Smart contracts, Tokens, and ICOs
  • Governance and Stable Coins

Students in this online program learn about blockchain from technical and historical perspectives, and learn the functional implementations and the various applications of blockchain and cryptocurrencies.

8.

Cornell University

Cornell Tech

Ithaca, New York

Cornell University

Cornell University offers the online Certificate in Blockchain Essentials program.

Blockchain experts at Cornell Tech teach students the mechanics behind how cryptocurrencies, such as Bitcoin, use blockchain technology in digital peer-to-peer transactions.

Learn the problems for which blockchain can potentially be a solution, and how to implement blockchain technology solutions in business. The goal is to teach creative solutions using blockchain for use cases in business or other organizations.

Students take these classes in this order:

  • Cryptocurrencies and Ledgers
  • Cryptography Essentials
  • Blockchain Fundamentals
  • Applications of Blockchain Technology

Each course is two weeks long, and the entire program is two months in duration. The time commitment is 3-5 hours per week, and is taken fully online.

This course is particularly relevant to business owners or technology professionals wanting blockchain solutions for business applications, such as business leaders, entrepreneurs, software engineers and developers.

9.

Columbia University in the City of New York

Columbia Business School

New York, New York

Columbia University

Columbia University in the City of New York offers the online Blockchain in Business: Beyond the Hype program. Classes are taken over two months, and require approximately a 4 to 6 hour weekly time commitment.

The Columbia Business School Executive Education will provide students who finish the program with a certificate of participation.

This online program consist of the following modules:

  • Technical Foundations: Distributed Consensus, Hash Functions, and Cryptography
  • What is Money? Introduction to Bitcoin
  • How Bitcoin Uses Blockchain: Intro to Blockchain and Transaction Fees
  • Ethereum, Smart Contracts, and Tokens
  • Applications of Blockchain: Governance Challenges, Opportunities, and Incentives & Permissioned Enterprise Blockchains (IBM)
  • Blockchain for the Executive Decision Maker and the Future of Blockchain

Students learn from real use cases for opportunities and challenges of cryptocurrencies and blockchain in business, including IBM, Prysm Group, and Yugen Partners.

Students will also learn to use hash functions, simulate blockchain creation, and analyze a cryptocurrency for the capstone project.

10.

University of California-Los Angeles

UCLA Extension, Anderson School of Management

Los Angeles, California

University of California Los Angeles UCLA

UCLA offers the Certificate in Blockchain Technology Management.

Four classes are required: two required courses and students choose two electives out of three (see below). This certificate program approaches blockchain education holistically as it pertains to business.

It's designed to teach students how to implement blockchain in any business setting to provide solutions. The courses were made in collaboration with the Anderson School of Management at UCLA.

Students learn blockchain in these areas:

  • Blockchain fundamentals
  • Blockchain evaluation in organizations, and in relation to Industry 4.0 and 4IR technologies
  • Blockchain's practices, governance, regulatory concerns, and benefits
  • Real applications of blockchain to solve problems in business

Required courses:

  • Blockchain Solutions, Governance, and Collaboration
  • Fundamentals of Blockchain Technology

Electives: students must take two

  • Blockchain Cryptocurrency Applications in Business and Finance
  • Blockchain Technology Adoption and Implementation
  • Digital Transformation: Blockchain, IoT, AI and Trusted Data
11.

University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign

Gies College of Business

Champaign, Illinois

University of Illinois Urbana Champaign

The Gies College of Business at the University of Illinois has launched the Disruption Lab initiative to prepare students and corporate partners for the rapidly changing business world due to technological and social innovations. Ernst & Young has joined as a founding corporate member to support the initiative.

The lab aims to provide extracurricular learning opportunities for students, create entrepreneurial opportunities, and strengthen relationships between the college and its corporate partners. The lab focuses on student projects and provides education and training for emerging technologies.

In addition to the lab, the Gies College of Business offers the Blockchain, Tokens, and Their Application in Business course.

Students explore the development of blockchain technology and its applications in business, including digital currencies, distributed ledgers, smart contracts, tokens, and decentralized autonomous organizations. There are no prerequisites for the course, and it is open to students from any college.

This course has three objectives:

  • to inform students of the historical and societal forces that led to the emergence and growth of blockchain
  • to introduce the technologies that power blockchain and enable new applications
  • to explore the application of blockchains to business, including areas such as employment, contracts, finance, organizational structure, and the future of the internet.

The course consists of internet-accessible resources, including articles, blogs, videos, and interviews.

Gies College of Business has created its own blockchain, called iBlock, to be used for teaching and research, and the first blockchain created by a business school. The iBlock blockchain is scalable and built on Ethereum, and faculty and students can sign up for their own account and view transactions through the iBlock website.

Professors can "check out" their own blockchains and use the Disruption Lab's library of decentralized apps or smart contracts so students can interact with it. Students can also contribute to the blockchain by writing their own smart contracts and user interfaces.

The Disruption Lab is also working on creating a blockchain-as-a-service portal where anyone can create their own blockchain and decentralized applications with a click of a button.

Additionally, Gies is developing a skills wallet application where instructors can publish student certifications as NFTs, a marketplace where students can create and trade their own NFTs, and a Gies merchandise store where people can spend a "Merch Coin" to buy Gies apparel.

12.

Duke University

Durham, North Carolina

Duke University

Duke University has partnered with Coursera to offer an online Blockchain Applications Certificate. Students can think of this program as a foray into Duke's Master of Engineering in Financial Technology (FinTech) program. This certificate can be completed online in three months, and consists of three courses:

  • Foundations of Blockchain
  • Transacting on the Blockchain
  • Solving Problems with Blockchain

Students will complete four projects:

  • Create a Cryptocurrency Wallet
  • Develop a Token for a Blockchain
  • Create Smart Contracts
  • Create a Blockchain application

Students will not gain credits towards the Master of Engineering in Financial Technology. However, students who complete this certificate are eligible for a 10% scholarship, and an accelerated application process for acceptance.

One thing that's really unique from this certificate program is that Duke provided students who completed the program their certificates of completion as NFTs on the Polygon network.

13.

Stanford University

Center for Blockchain Research (CBR), and the Stanford School of Engineering

Stanford, California

Stanford University

Stanford University has strong involvement in blockchain with the Stanford Center for Blockchain Research, courses in blockchain, cryptography, and cryptocurrency, the Stanford Blockchain Club, and a monthly blockchain seminar.

Blockchain courses:

The Cryptocurrencies and Blockchain Technologies course, and the online Blockchain and Cryptocurrency: What You Need to Know course.

The Cryptocurrencies and Blockchain Technologies course is comprehensive and teaches all facets of blockchain technologies and cryptocurrencies, including:

  • Applications
  • Distributed consensus
  • Economics
  • Scalability
  • Smart contracts

This course focuses on Bitcoin and Ethereum in particular.

Students learn about blockchain in these domains:

  • Bitcoin Mechanics
  • Consensus protocols
  • Ethereum and decentralized applications
  • Decentralized finance and economics
  • Privacy on a public blockchain
  • Scaling the blockchain

Lectures include:

  • Intro to cryptography & cryptocurrencies
  • Wallets: managing and protecting crypto assets
  • Large Scale Consensus: Availability/Finality, Randomness Beacons, VDFs
  • Consensus: network models, corruption tolerance, sybil resistance
  • Scaling the blockchain: Optimistic Rollup, ZK-Rollup, and Validium

Stanford offers the online course Blockchain and Cryptocurrency: What You Need to Know through the Stanford School of Engineering. This online program focuses on what blockchain and cryptocurrencies are, how to use them, and where and how they are going to be used in the future.

Students learn about blockchain and cryptocurrencies in these domains:

  • The fundamentals of blockchain technology
  • Where Blockchain and Cryptocurrency is headed in the future
  • Applications for Blockchain to potentially change the world
  • The methodology for creating, transacting, and storing cryptocurrencies
  • What securities are and their implications for blockchain technologies
  • The challenges of digital currency adoption
14.

University of California-Berkeley

Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences

Berkeley, California

University of California Berkeley

University of California Berkeley offers four courses (two on-campus and two online through edX) for learning blockchain.

The two on-campus courses are Blockchain Fundamentals Decal, and Blockchain Developers Decal.

The two available online courses that Berkeley offers in conjunction with edX are Blockchain Technology, and Bitcoin and Cryptocurrencies.

Blockchain Fundamentals Decal:

The goal of this course is to teach students to understand how blockchain technologies work, and their resulting ideas, institutions, and innovations.

Students learn:

  • Digital currency history
  • Basics of cryptography
  • Fundamentals of Bitcoin
  • Blockchain technologies
  • Organizations, laws, and trends of blockchain's ecosystems

Blockchain Developers Decal:

Students learn how to be Blockchain Developers in this course. Blockchain Developers are in high demand given the immense and growing need to create and develop blockchain and associated technologies. Students are taught the necessary tools and experience to develop blockchain, including how to create and execute smart contracts.

Students learn blockchain development within these contexts:

  • Bitcoin
  • Ethereum's technology
  • Smart Contracts (how to develop and implement security)

Students learn industry-relevant development tools, including:

  • Metamask
  • Solidity programming language
  • Infura
  • Ganache
  • Truffle

Learning these tools and development skills teach students to be full-stack blockchain developers. This class is oriented for students who already have a background in programming.

Selection of courses:

  • Introduction to Blockchain Development: A High Level Overview
  • Security, Tokens, Wallets
  • Solidity and Developer Tools

edX's online Blockchain Technology course:

  • Cost: Free
  • Length: Estimated 6 weeks
  • Time Commitment: 3 – 5 hours per week

Students learn:

  • Governmental regulation of blockchain technology
  • Distributed consensus and foundational topics formally defined
  • Alternative means of consensus to Bitcoin’s Proof-of-work
  • Cryptoeconomics: meaning, goals and properties
  • Regulations and implementations of enterprise blockchain
  • Solutions and challenges to scaling and adopting of blockchain
  • blockchain venture capitalism and crowdfunding

edX's online Bitcoin and Cryptocurrencies course:

  • Cost: Free
  • Length: Estimated 6 weeks
  • Time Commitment: 3 – 5 hours per week

What students learn:

  • The properties behind the second largest blockchain platform, Ethereum
  • Aspects of Bitcoin as it's used in the world
  • Mechanics of Bitcoin
  • Attacks on Bitcoin
  • Centralized and decentralized currency properties
  • Bitcoin Record Keeping, Identity, Consensus, and Transactions
  • Fundamentals of Bitcoin
  • Libertarian ideology and the Cypherpunk movement
  • Cryptography, privacy, and hash functions

Blockchain at Berkeley is a student-led organization, whose membership includes Berkeley students and alumni, and other members of the local community, and at large who are interested in blockchain technology.

For businesses with an interest in using blockchain, Berkeley offers the innovative Berkeley Blockchain Xcelerator program. The Xcelerator is a collaboration between Berkeley's Haas School of Business, Berkeley Engineering, and Blockchain at Berkeley.

Since 2019 when it was launched, Xcelerator has helped 65 companies raise over $200M+ in funding. This program assists in businesses implementing enterprise blockchain for their business purposes.

15.

Princeton University

Princeton, New Jersey

Princeton University

Princeton University and Coursera have collaborated to offer Bitcoin and Cryptocurrency Technologies as an online course. This course is free, and is taken over four weeks. There is no certification offered with finishing this course.

Students learn:

  • How Bitcoin works
  • Bitcoin user anonymity
  • Bitcoin security
  • What makes Bitcoin different
  • Determining factors of Bitcoin's price
  • Cryptocurrencies regulations
  • The potential future of Bitcoin

Students are taught conceptual foundations of how to engineer secure software for use with Bitcoin's blockchain network.

Classes:

  • Introduction to Crypto and Cryptocurrencies (week 1)
  • How Bitcoin Achieves Decentralization (week 2)
  • Mechanics of Bitcoin (week 3)
  • How to Store and Use Bitcoins (week 4)
16.

New York University

School of Professional Studies

New York, New York

New York University

New York University offers the online Blockchain and Cryptocurrencies course, and the online Blockchain in Sports course.

The Blockchain and Cryptocurrencies course earn students three (3) continuing education credits, is taken over 8 sessions, and lasts a month and a half.

Students learn about cryptocurrency and blockchain in these domains:

  • Ability to make cryptocurrency comparisons, including comparisons to fiat currency
  • How to use Bitcoin and its security levels
  • Understand blockchain technology's current and future uses and key opportunities and advantages
  • Smart contracts
  • Consensus mining
  • Learn about governmental regulation of cryptocurrencies and blockchain technology

Online Blockchain in Sports:

This program teaches blockchain fundamentals. The course consists of videos, discussions, and assignments. Learn what blockchain is (and isn't), how blockchain functions, and the ways blockchain is impacting sports and business. And learn what applications blockchain technology has within sports settings.

Students learn blockchain in sports in these contexts:

  • Understand blockchain fundamentals and functionalities
  • Articulate blockchain's uses in cryptocurrency, sports, retailing, and supply chain management
  • Learn analytical tools to evaluate sports execution using a specific blockchain

This course is self-paced, and can be taken as part of the Certificate in Sports Technology and Innovation at NYU.

17.

University at Buffalo

School of Engineering and Applied Sciences

Buffalo, New York

University at Buffalo

University at Buffalo, in conjunction with Coursera, offers four courses on Blockchain:

  1. Blockchain Basics
  2. Smart Contracts
  3. Decentralized Applications (Dapps)
  4. Blockchain Platforms
  5. blockchain platforms
  6. blockchain basics
  7. decentralized applications
  8. smart contracts

The courses take four months to finish. which cover these topics:

  • blockchain platforms
  • blockchain basics
  • decentralized applications
  • smart contracts

This course is a massive open online course (MOOC), and is a collaboration between the UB Center for Industrial Effectiveness, the UB Computer Science and Engineering Department, and other blockchain industry partners.

There is no cost to audit the course. There is a paid option which can result in a grade and a verified certificate. Paid options are available through Coursera.

This course is most beneficial to students who already know a programming language, and want to learn blockchain. The instruction teaches students how to program on Ethereum's blockchain in particular, and develop applications that are decentralized, and design and deploy smart contracts.

18.

Arizona State University-Tempe

Tempe, Arizona

Arizona State university

Arizona State University created the ASU Blockchain Research Lab, which is comprised of students, faculty, and staff at ASU.

The Lab researches and develops blockchain technologies for applications in Computer Science. These applications include:

  • energy
  • mathematics
  • finance (such as lending)
  • business (such as using smart contract peer-to-peer insurance, environmentally sound green business practices)
  • economics

Initiatives of the Lab include:

  • Zero Knowledge Proofs for DASH (limit information from leaking on public blockchains)
  • Peer to Peer Insurance (insurance policies grouped and protected from fraud)
  • BLADE Research (protect personal data online from fraud)
  • MedFabric4Me (medical information security and record management)

ASU also has the Blockchain, Fintech & Cryptography Club which educates ASU students concerning fundamentals of computer science and cryptography in blockchain technology.

Students are exposed to real-world implications by participating in hands-on activities and attending lectures from guest speakers.

Professional blockchain certifications

According to the Institute for Certification of Computing Professionals (ICCP), there are two Blockchain Professional Certification levels available:

  • Certified Blockchain Professional - Management
  • Certified Blockchain Professional - Technical

As the names imply, one is oriented for certification in blockchain management, and the other for technical blockchain certification.

What do blockchain developers earn?

Blockchain technologies require Blockchain Developers to create them. There are multiple blockchains currently in use in a large variety of roles, such as finance, cryptocurrency, and art markets (NFTs). According to ZipRecruiter, Blockchain Developers earn an average of $154,550 per year, with the top earners making $242,000. UpWork.com has freelance Blockchain Developers who make between $50 - $250 per hour, depending on experience and technical ability, and other factors.

Some fruits of blockchain technology are DeFi (decentralized finance), cryptocurrencies (such as Bitcoin), NFTs (non-fungible tokens), smart contracts, and applications in cybersecurity.

The two most widely known blockchains are the ones that run the Bitcoin and Ethereum networks. Most of the blockchain programs in this ranking use Bitcoin and Ethereum as test cases, and focus on them in their blockchain education.

What is blockchain technology?

blockchain

Blockchain is a peer-to-peer digital distributed ledger, like an accountant's book, but in the hands (servers) of many different and otherwise unconnected people. Blockchain was originally created to keep records of digital transactions of cryptocurrency, to solve the 'double spend' problem that could occur without such a perpetual ledger of accounting (given the ephemeral and anonymous nature of how digital cryptocurrency works).

Blockchain technology has since expanded to encompass other uses outside of just recording transactions of cryptocurrency. Any digital information can be stored on a blockchain, and blockchains have many useful applications. One such application is the phenomenon of NFTs (non-fungible tokens) being put onto blockchains.

Each transaction or set of transactions is encased in a "block" of information, and added to the chain of previous blocks. It's important to note that there are different blockchains in existence, and more coming online all the time. Blockchains can be decentralized (public), or centralized (private). They can be joined freely, or be invitation-only.

A note about NFTs

Not all digital assets that are sold as NFTs are actually on a blockchain, just to be clear. Digital assets can be large files and the technology requirements to upload them are so large that blockchains aren't sufficient to accommodate the needs of uploads.

Many times the digital asset is stored elsewhere, such as the Interplanetary Filing System (IPFS), or Google severs, and then a unique identifier is put on the blockchain to designate that particular digital asset (such as the asset's metadata). On OpenSea the digital assets that make up their NFTs may or may not be on a blockchain. At Rarible the digital assets are often off-chain as well.

For more information about NFTs and their current problems and potential solutions, see our article:

More resources: